A 12-month-old boy was brought to the emergency department for a 2-week history of irritability and abdominal enlargement. The only positive finding on physical examination was abdominal distension. Initial imaging included an abdominal ultrasound which showed bilateral nephromegaly along with multiple bilateral hypoechoic lesions scattered within the renal parenchyma. Spiral abdominopelvic CT-scan demonstrated bilateral renal enlargement and loss of normal architecture with renal parenchyma completely replaced by homogenous low attenuating peripheral masses (Figure 1). Based on the radiological features, bilateral nephroblastomatosis was suggested for the patient....

Background: There are many challenges in ONCOLOGIC imaging including: more accurate staging, determine site with highest probability of tumor existence for biopsy, especially for brain tumors because of the sensitive anatomical position, determine the exact location of the tumor for radiotherapy treatment planning and etc. Positron emission tomography (PET) is imaging modality which provides some special functional information. The basis of the PET system is detection of tow photons which are generated by positron/electron encounter which occurs directly after positron emission by radionuclide. However, it is powerless in providing anatomical information. Computed tomography (CT) generates three dimensional reconstructions of patients anatomy based on differences in X-ray attenuation. Combination of PET and CT is able to provide anatomical and physiological information of patients synchronizes. Objectives: In this paper, we evaluate application of PET/CT for improve ONCOLOGIC imaging. Methods: The papers were searched in PubMed and Scopus databases with the relevant key words including, PET/CT, ONCOLOGIC Imaging and Cancer staging. Results: The most relevant biomarker for PET is 8F-FDG (F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose), which is incorporated into malignant cells by glucose transporters which are over expressed by cancer cells. CT is thecommonimaging modality in diagnosis the cancers. It is due to its speed, high special resolution and relative cost-effectiveness. The combination of these two modalities in one system produced PET/CT system which is more accurate than these two imaging modalities separately and enhances the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis. For example in a study which used PET/CT for differentiation between the malignant and benign disease Presacral, sensitivity, specificity, the positive predictive value and the negative predictive value are 100%, 96%, 88% and 100% respectively. In another study, which was done for preradiotherapy staging of head-and-neck SCCs, it was shown that FDG-PET/CT detected 17 of 17 heminecks and 26 of 27 nodal zones histologically positive by dissection (100% and 96% sensitivity, respectively). Conclusions: PET/CT can provide diagnosis and more accurate staging, location of tumor with its capability in providing the anatomical and physiological information synchronizes. Therefore PET/CT plays an important role in oncology.

We have evaluated 45 episodes of fever and severe Neutrogena, with ANC (Absolute Neutrophil Count) of 92/mm3 and range of 500/mm3-10/mm3 in 38 children with immunocompromising underling diseases, generally post chemotherapy, in a period of 18 months. Their underlying diseases were mainly ALL (Acude Lymphoblastic Leukemia) 62.5% and AML (Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia) 13.5%. Blood cultures were positive in 24% of episodes, and cultures of localized infectious sites in 7%. The infection was diagnosed clinically and/or radiographically in 37%, but there was no apparent cause for fever in 32%. Gram negative enteric microorganisms were isolated in 61.5% and gram positives in 38.5% of positive cultures, E.coli 22.5%, Staph. epidermidis 16.5%, Staph. aureus 16.5%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 11% , Klebsiella pneumonia 11% , Providencia spp 11%, polygroup Salmonella 5.5%, and P hemolytic Strep. 5.5%. Herpes Zoster virus and Candida were main non bacterial pathogenes. The main localized infections were: pneumonias 23%, gingivostomatitis 23%, I.V. line infection 11.5%, perianal abscess 7.5%, septic arthrtis 4%, G.I. infection 4%, periorbital cellulitis 4%, surgical wound infections 4%, subcutaneous abscess 4%, esophagitis 4% and vulvovaginitis 4%. There was very good response to the first line antibiotics (Amikacine+ Ceftizoxime) in 77% of episodes. In 7% of episodes recovery came after adding another antibiotic(s), and in another 7% after complete change of antibiotics. Four patients (9%) died due to polymicrobial sepsis (3) and disseminated H.Z.V infection (1).

Background: Several studies have established that all nurses need continuing education, especially those who are working in oncology wards. In the current programs, there are just two general patterns for teaching: Teacher-centered and student-centered patterns. In this study, the effect of teacher-centered (lecture) and student-centered (module) teaching methods in relation to safety standards with cytotoxic drugs on the knowledge and practice of oncology nurses was compared.Materials and Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study with two intervention groups (module and lecture) and a control group. In this study, 86 nurses in Shiraz, Fars province in 2011, who participated in the prescription of cytotoxic drugs to patients were selected and randomly divided into three groups. The module group used a self-directed module, the lecture group was taught by an experienced lecturer in the classroom and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data in relation to knowledge and practice of oncology nurses in the three groups were collected before and 8 weeks after the intervention by using a questionnaire and checklist. To analyze the data paired-samples t-test and one way ANOVA analysis were used.Results: Knowledge and practice scores increased significantly from baseline in both intervention groups, but there was no significant difference between the scores of the two groups. No considerable changes were observed in the control group.Conclusions: Both module and lecture methods have similar effects on improving the knowledge and practice of nurses in oncology wards. Therefore, considering the advantages of student-centered educational methods, the work load of nurses and the sensitivity of their jobs, we suggest using module.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and etiology of NURSING Caries (N.C.) in 2 - 4 year old children in Tehran, 1997. Seven hundred and thirty children (378 boys and 352 girls), aged 18 to 54 months, were selected from Health Centers throughout the Greater Tehran. Cases were selected in a randomized multi - stage manner.Results showed a total of 21.1% (154 case) with N.C. A relationship between N.C. and area, sex, patients's age, mother's age, regular dental attendance, feeding through the bottle at night and its content, was found. In conclusion, it is emphasised that the most important etiologic factor in N.C. is feeding with a bottle at night.

Introduction: Mentoring is one of the important educational approaches that leads to professional and personal growth and development in students. This study was conducted with the aim of "Monitoring the guidance of professors of NURSING school from the perspective of students". Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Faculty of NURSING of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences (AJ) in 2022. The number of participants was 330, including associate degree students in emergency medicine, bachelor degree in NURSING, master degree in internal surgery NURSING and special NURSING care, and doctorate in NURSING completed the questionnaire. The sampling method was census. A standard guidance questionnaire was used, which included two domains, guidance and emotional. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests of paired t and independent t and ANOVA were used. The data was analyzed with SPSS26 software. Results: The mean ± standard deviation of the total score was: 52.48 ± 16.04, the mean ± standard deviation of the guidance domain: 31.99 ± 11.93, and the mean ± standard deviation of the emotional domain: 19.94 ± 4.91. The scores of the areas and the total score in the three intensities of weak, medium and good showed that the intensity of the scores of the areas and the total score were evaluated as good. Conclusion: Despite the fact that a high percentage of the guidance score is good, it is still necessary to improve the guidance of professors and this should be taken into account. Considering the high importance of guidance in the field of growth and excellence of students, addressing this issue is one of the requirements of all faculties and it is necessary to continuously monitor how it is done.